Studies found that eating too late increased diabetes risk!

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Studies found that eating too late increased diabetes risk!

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Studies found that eating too late increased diabetes risk!

The largest randomized crossover trial to date has shown that eating too late affects glucose tolerance and lowers insulin levels, which may be related to elevated melatonin levels

As the saying goes, people take food as their heaven. What to eat at each meal and how to eat to be healthy are questions we face every day.

In order to answer this question, scientists have carried out a lot of exploration. In terms of dietary rhythms, several small population studies and animal studies have demonstrated that eating dinner too late can damage health, increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and more [1,2].

However, there is still a lack of large-scale population-based research evidence to support this conclusion.

Recently, the team of Frank AJL Scheer and Professor Richa Saxena from Harvard University conducted a randomized crossover trial in a Spanish natural late-eating population.

The study showed that the level of melatonin in the body when eating dinner later was 3.5 times higher than when eating dinner earlier. , and increases postprandial blood glucose and lowers insulin levels. At the same time, this negative effect was more pronounced in the melatonin receptor gene MTNR1B G allele carrier population.

The findings were published in Diabetes Care , a prestigious journal of the American Diabetes Association [6]. This study is the largest population-based randomized crossover study of dinner timing and diabetes risk to date.

This study was conducted in a Spanish natural late-eating population of 845 Europeans aged 18-70 with no history of diabetes and related medications.

During the crossover trial, each subject underwent two nocturnal 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), one 4 hours before habitual sleep time (early dinner test, EE) and one habitual sleep time 1 hour before time (Late Dinner Trial, LE).

The EE test was performed under a brighter light condition of ≥450 lux, and the LE test was performed under a dim light condition of 0-25 lux, with a one-week interval between the two tests as a washout period, in random order.

Diagram of test procedure

Compared with the EE test, the serum melatonin level was 3.5 times higher in the LE test.

The results of the OGTTs experiment showed that the postprandial blood glucose in the LE test was significantly increased, and the area under the curve (AUC) was increased by 8.3% compared with the EE test.

This suggests that eating dinner later does impair glucose tolerance and reduce insulin secretion.

Results of postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels at different dinner times

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland of the brain, which is suppressed during the day and active at night.

Melatonin is probably best known for its ability to improve sleep quality and adjust circadian rhythms [3].

At the same time, melatonin can act on a variety of endocrine organs and regulate the corresponding hormone secretion [4].

The role of melatonin is complex and diverse, and studies have shown that increased levels of endogenous melatonin may cause impaired glucose tolerance [5].

Since endogenous melatonin levels are elevated at night, it may be related to melatonin that eating dinner too late affects glucose tolerance.

Melatonin receptor 1B gene (MTNR1B) is a type 2 diabetes-related gene that not only regulates circadian rhythm, but also plays an important role in glucose metabolism, and is considered to be a bridge between regulation of circadian rhythm and glucose metabolism.

There are three genotypes of MTNR1B gene (CC, CG, GG), among which the more G allele expression, the higher the expression of melatonin receptor in pancreatic islets [7].

To further explore the relationship between melatonin, dinner time and glucose metabolism, the researchers examined the MTNR1B genotype in all subjects.

It was found that among the three genotypes of the MTNR1B gene, subjects with more G alleles had worse glucose metabolism.

This suggests that high expression of melatonin receptors impairs islet function and increases postprandial blood glucose.

Postprandial blood glucose and postprandial insulin levels in subjects with different MTNR1B genotypes

The results of the study show that a late dinner time can cause a defect in insulin secretion, which leads to a rise in postprandial blood sugar.

This defect in insulin secretion may be due to elevated levels of melatonin. At the same time, the G allele of the MTNR1B gene is a type 2 diabetes risk allele, and patients with more G alleles are more likely to damage islet function by eating too late.

The results of this study are important for the prevention of type 2 diabetes, especially for those who eat close to bedtime, including night shift workers, people with jet lag and eating disorders, and people who use melatonin supplements heavily.

These individuals should be aware of potential diabetes risks while eating, and for the general population, it is also best to avoid eating for at least a few hours before bedtime.

References:

1. Mattson MP, Allison DB, Fontana L, Harvie M, Longo VD, Malaisse WJ, Mosley M, Notterpek L, Ravussin E, Scheer FA, Seyfried TN, Varady KA, Panda S. Meal frequency and timing in health and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Nov 25;111(47):16647-53. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413965111. Epub 2014 Nov 17. PMID: 25404320; PMCID: PMC4250148.

2. Mason IC, Qian J, Adler GK, Scheer FAJL. Impact of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism: implications for type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2020 Mar;63(3):462-472. doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-05059-6. Epub 2020 Jan 8. PMID: 31915891; PMCID: PMC7002226.

3. Xie Z, Chen F, Li WA, Geng X, Li C, Meng X, Feng Y, Liu W, Yu F. A review of sleep disorders and melatonin. Neurol Res. 2017 Jun;39(6):559-565. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1315864. Epub 2017 May 1. PMID: 28460563.

4. Luboshitzky R, Lavie P. Melatonin and sex hormone interrelationships–a review. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1999 May-Jun;12(3):355-62. doi: 10.1515/jpem.1999.12.3.355. PMID: 10821215.

5. Bandín C, Scheer FA, Luque AJ, Ávila-Gandía V, Zamora S, Madrid JA, Gómez-Abellán P, Garaulet M. Meal timing affects glucose tolerance, substrate oxidation and circadian-related variables: A randomized, crossover trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015 May;39(5):828-33. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.182. Epub 2014 Oct 14. PMID: 25311083.

6. Garaulet M, Lopez-Minguez J, Dashti HS, Vetter C, Hernández-Martínez AM, Pérez-Ayala M, Baraza JC, Wang W, Florez JC, Scheer FAJL, Saxena R. Interplay of Dinner Timing and MTNR1B Type 2 Diabetes Risk Variant on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Secretion: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Diabetes Care. 2022 Jan 10:dc211314. doi: 10.2337/dc21-1314. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35015083.

7. Morris CJ, Yang JN, Garcia JI, Myers S, Bozzi I, Wang W, Buxton OM, Shea SA, Scheer FA. Endogenous circadian system and circadian misalignment impact glucose tolerance via separate mechanisms in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Apr 28;112(17):E2225-34. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418955112. Epub 2015 Apr 13. PMID: 25870289; PMCID: PMC4418873.

Studies found that eating too late increased diabetes risk!

(source:internet, reference only)

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